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The fine-tuned Universe is the proposition that the conditions that allow life in the Universe can only occur when certain universal fundamental physical constants lie within a very narrow range, so that if any of several fundamental constants were only slightly different, the Universe would be unlikely to be conducive to the establishment and development of matter, astronomical structures, elemental diversity, or life as it is understood. The proposition is discussed among philosophers, scientists, theologians, and proponents and detractors of creationism. Physicist Paul Davies has asserted that "There is now broad agreement among physicists and cosmologists that the Universe is in several respects 'fine-tuned' for life". However, he continues, "the conclusion is not so much that the Universe is fine-tuned for life; rather it is fine-tuned for the building blocks and environments that life requires." He also states that anthropic' reasoning fails to distinguish between minimally biophilic universes, in which life is permitted, but only marginally possible, and optimally biophilic universes, in which life flourishes because biogenesis occurs frequently". Among scientists who find the evidence persuasive, a variety of natural explanations have been proposed, such as the anthropic principle along with multiple universes. George F. R. Ellis states "that no possible astronomical observations can ever see those other universes. The arguments are indirect at best. And even if the multiverse exists, it leaves the deep mysteries of nature unexplained."〔George F. R. Ellis, ("Does the Multiverse Really Exist?" ) Scientific American〕 ==History== In 1913, the chemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson (1878–1942) wrote ''The Fitness of the Environment,'' one of the first books to explore concepts of fine tuning in the Universe. Henderson discusses the importance of water and the environment with respect to living things, pointing out that life depends entirely on the very specific environmental conditions on Earth, especially with regard to the prevalence and properties of water.〔Lawrence Joseph Henderson, ''The fitness of the environment: an inquiry into the biological significance of the properties of matter'' The Macmillan Company, 1913〕 In 1961, the physicist Robert H. Dicke claimed that certain forces in physics, such as gravity and electromagnetism, must be perfectly fine-tuned for life to exist anywhere in the Universe.〔〔Heilbron, J. L. ''The Oxford guide to the history of physics and astronomy, Volume 10'' 2005, p. 8〕 Fred Hoyle also argued for a fine-tuned Universe in his 1984 book ''Intelligent Universe''. He compares "the chance of obtaining even a single functioning protein by chance combination of amino acids to a star system full of blind men solving Rubik's Cube simultaneously".〔(Profile of Fred Hoyle at OPT ). Optcorp.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-11.〕 John Gribbin and Martin Rees wrote a detailed history and defence of the fine-tuning argument in their book ''Cosmic Coincidences'' (1989). According to Gribbin and Rees, carbon-based life was not haphazardly arrived at, but the deliberate end of a Universe "tailor-made for man."〔Gribbin. J and Rees. M, ''Cosmic Coincidences: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology'', 1989, ISBN 0-553-34740-3〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fine-tuned Universe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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